Lost in (politically correct) translation: the challenge of biblical #hierarchy

Sometimes, a change in the translation of just a few Scriptural words can attest a potential cultural shift of incalculable importance.  In the case I am about to discuss the change doesn’t simply β€˜attest’ the shift, it can guide us to a deeper sense of its significance – of what may really be at stake. 

I have in mind the translation of verses 3-8 of Psalm 8.  So, here are the verses.  I place the crucial words in bold.  First, we have the Revised Standard Version (RSV):

                When I look at thy heavens, the work of thy fingers,

                The moon and the stars which thou hast established;

                What is man that thou art mindful of him,

                And the son of man that thou dost care for him?

                Yet thou hast made him little less than God,

                And dost crown him with glory and honour.

                Thou hast given him dominion over the works of thy hands;

                Thou hast put all things under his feet,

                All sheep and oxen,

                And also the beasts of the field.

Now here are the same verses in the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV, anglicized):

                When I look at your heavens, the work of your fingers,

                The moon and the stars that you have established;

                What are human beings that you are mindful of them,

                Mortals that you care for them?

                Yet you have made them a little lower than God.

                And crowned them with glory and honour.

                You have given them dominion over the works of your hands;

                You have put all things under their feet,

                All sheep and oxen,

                And also the beasts of the field.

Were we to bring these changes to the attention of the translators, we would no doubt be told that the underlying issue here is a tension between a desire to uphold the poetic qualities of the text (surely no question which scores higher on that count), and the requirements of β€˜politically correct language’.  We just have to make a β€˜literary’ sacrifice in deference to contemporary political sensibilities.  At all events, it’s only a matter of language.

Actually, I disagree.  Or, at least, I can agree with such an analysis only once it is admitted that the term β€˜political correctness’, as used here, masks an issue of enormous substance – an issue that is revealingly swept under the carpet by its relegation to the category of β€˜language alone’.

We need to wake up to what that issue is – in short, to what is actually at stake in the β€˜linguistic’ substitutions of the NRSV.

For me personally, this was brought home recently, when I read an excellent text by the French writer and aviator, Antoine de Saint-ExupΓ©ry.  Here is the relevant passage:

For lack of an effective method of thought (my emphasis), we have lost our grasp of Humanity founded upon Man, and slid towards that anthill which is founded upon the sum of individuals.

What could we offer against the religion of the State or the religion of the Masses? (ExupΓ©ry is writing against the background of WWII totalitarianism.)  What had become of our great image of Man born of God?  It was scarcely recognizable through a vocabulary drained of its substance.

Little by little, forgetting Man, we limited our ethical concerns to the problems of the individual.  We required of each man that he wrong no other.  Of each stone (of a metaphorical cathedral) that it wrong no other.  And certainly, when they are lying jumbled in a field they do each other no wrong.  But they are wronging the cathedral which they could have created, and which, in return, would have created their significance.

We continued to preach the equality of men.  But having forgotten Man, we no longer understood anything of what we were saying ….

How apposite, I reflected, in relation to the NRSV’s mangling of Psalm 8!  β€˜Having forgotten Man, we no longer understand anything of what we are saying!’

In other words, for St Exupery, β€˜Man’ is not just the complementary term to β€˜woman’; it encompasses what is common to both terms, β€˜man’ and β€˜woman’, and – by the same mysterious property of encompassment – a human β€˜essence’ that is common to each and every individual of whatever gender.  The NRSV has lost what anthropologists have called the property of encompassment, that of speaking in personal terms of humanity in general.  β€˜Man’, is not just β€˜people in general’, but β€˜the human being’: not, in other words, a mass in of individuals, but a collective human agent.  On the other hand, the NRSV gains, as our writer puts it, β€˜that each man wrong no other’ – the equality of all, that is, including the equality of man and woman.  In short, we have strongly asserted individual β€˜rights’, but at the cost of excluding from our β€˜ethical concern’ whatever transcends the human individual in the direction of a potential collective dimension of the human. This, broadly, is what we achieve through the pronominal substitutions of the NRSV!  And it is no merely verbal change.

So, what is the alternative, implied by the authentic Psalm 8 and Saint-ExupΓ©ry’s text?  What is that β€˜effective method of thought’ of which he speaks – that β€˜method of thought’, whose loss from paradigmatic instance of our Psalm 8, as I have argued, underlies not just the substitution of prose for poetry, but the emptying out of much of the Psalm’s religious meaning?

If you asked ExupΓ©ry (sadly, now long deceased!), he would say Catholic Christianity.  This is made clear by references in the same text (Flight to Arras).  From the perspective of Christianity with its penchant for teleological exegesis, the most obvious – and probably important – loss to religious sense entailed by the adoption of the NRSV’s correct language is the prefiguration of Christ as the fulfilment of β€˜man’ and the β€˜son of man’ in his relationship to God.  From a teleological and typological perspective, β€˜human beings’ just doesn’t cut it – while β€˜mortals’ is more suggestive of the world of Homer and Pindar!  

But, actually, that β€˜effective method of thought’ is not just Christianity (though Christianity happens to be a good instance of it).  It is hierarchy as defined by Louis Dumont and important recent studies in social anthropology.  This is a properly religious phenomenon, rather than a specifically Christian one, and its progressive evacuation from contemporary secular culture places an enormous obstacle in the way of our appreciation of any religious world view – not to mention Christianity or the text of Psalm 8.  In other words, before the secular world can understand β€˜Christ’, it needs to understand β€˜Man’. 

Here, I would suggest, the social anthropology of Dumont and his disciplines can do something to help – if not to bridge the epistemic gap, then at least to assist us in identifying those strands of our developing cultural scene that present would-be Christian apologists with their greatest ideological challenge.  It can be helpful, after all, to know one’s enemies!

What, then, does Dumontian social anthropology understand – and contemporary secular thinking utterly abjure – when it uses the term β€˜hierarchy’?

Conveniently, for present purposes, Dumont famously explains his notion of hierarchy through precisely the instance we have just been discussing in relation to Psalm 8: namely, the opposition – the β€˜hierarchical’ opposition – man:woman’.  The opposition is hierarchical, he argues, because, while, at one level (a hierarchically lower one), the terms are opposites, at another (a hierarchically higher one), the term β€˜man’ encompasses and subsumes the term β€˜women’.  In other words, at a hierarchically higher level of meaning, β€˜man’ means β€˜man:woman’.  Thus, if we want to refer to the human creature in its generality, we say β€˜man’; whereas we reserve the term β€˜woman’ for contexts in which we want to foreground her differences from β€˜man’.  β€˜Man’, as the encompassing term, is, therefore, in Dumont’s parlance, the β€˜superior’ term of the hierarchical opposition, while β€˜woman’ is the inferior.

For hierarchical cultures, such as the world of the Old Testament and the New, this understanding of hierarchical encompassment is far from being merely verbal.  St Paul, I would suspect, really does think of β€˜man’ as being the human being in its generality (as before God); whereas β€˜woman’ is β€˜man’ (i.e. the human in its generality) plus what differentiates us, i.e. the sexual reproductive bits!  Nowadays, of course, we think of the sexual reproductive function as divided between man and woman.  St Paul’s culture seems to have thought of the reproductive function as given later, and on top of, the human essence, or as a kind of supplement to it.  This is signified, I take it, by the story of Eve being drawn out of Adam’s side.  What is excluded by this order of generation – very importantly, I think for the Judaic and Christian religion – is the possibility of sacralising sexual difference, as the source of our (human) being.  This would presumably be the implication, for St Paul, of reversing that order, and making Adam emerge from Eve’s womb!

Hierarchical oppositions tend to occur, not in isolation, but in nested chains, where the superior term at the lower level becomes the inferior term at the higher.  Dumont’s examples of this tend to be taken from the Indian caste system, which happens to be the object of his ethnographic studies.  But we find an excellent Christian example of the same thing in Paul’s First Letter to the Corinthians:

But I want you to understand that Christ is head of every man, and the husband is the head of his wife, and God is the head of Christ.

The language of head and body is a classic give-away so far as hierarchy is concerned.  What we find in this passage is the distinction of different hierarchical levels, each of which demonstrates an analogical pattern.  In other words, what Christ is to man, at the higher level, man is to his wife, at the lower.  β€˜Man’ is the superior term at the lower level, where opposed to woman, but at the higher, where β€˜man’ encompasses and subsumes β€˜woman’, becomes the inferior term in of hierarchically higher-level opposition that places him in relation to Christ.

Relationships of this kind are not just a feature of the kind of societies we think of as particularly hierarchical or β€˜patriarchal’, but of religious cultures and societies pretty much everywhere, as has been brilliantly demonstrated by the recent work of β€˜Dumontian’ social anthropologists focussing indigenous groups we might be tempted to think of as relatively more egalitarian such as in Melanesia.  Moreover, the language of hierarchy and encompassment is by no means exclusive to the professed followers of Dumont, but emerges in a surprisingly wide range of anthropological work, such as that of Marilyn Strathern.

Granted all this, then, how, as Christian apologists, are we to respond?

Other related blogs:

ANGELA SAINI: HOW MEN CAME TO RULE

MATERIAL GIRLS: WHY CULTURE MATTERS FOR FEMINIST REALITY

This entry was posted in Review. Bookmark the permalink.

76 Responses to Lost in (politically correct) translation: the challenge of biblical #hierarchy

  1. Jessica says:

    I’m more than happy to discover this page. I want to to thank you for your time
    just for this fantastic read!! I definitely savored
    every bit of it and I have you bookmarked to look at new stuff on your blog.

  2. KAYSWELL says:

    Wow! Thank you! I constantly wanted to write on my website something like that. Can I include a portion of your post to my blog?

  3. ΠšΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ автотранспорт Π² Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π³: ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅Ρ€ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠ° 24/7
    ΠΊΡƒΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊ Π² Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π³ http://www.lizing-avto0.ru/gruzovye-avtomobili/ .

  4. ЭнСргоэффСктивныС каркасныС Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ° с ΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ скандинавским стандартам
    каркасный Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π² спб karkasnye-doma-vspb178.ru .

  5. Π›ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π³ коммСрчСского транспорта: ΡƒΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΉΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ с Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ
    спСцтСхника Π² Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π³ http://kommercheskiy-avtotransport-v-lizing.ru/specztehnika/ .

  6. ΠšΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡: Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Ρ‚Ρ‹ с Π³Π°Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ качСства
    Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ° каркасныС https://www.karkasnye-doma-pod-klyuch-v-spb178.ru .

  7. ΠšΠ°Ρ€ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡: сочСтаниС качСства, удобства ΠΈ доступной Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‹
    Π΄ΠΎΠΌ каркасный ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ https://www.karkasnye-doma178.ru/ .

  8. Π­Ρ‚Π°ΠΏΡ‹ ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π° каркасного Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°: ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° Π΄ΠΎ сдачи ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡
    каркасный Π΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ спб https://karkasnye-doma-pod-kluch178.ru/ .

  9. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ каркасного Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°: ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Ρ‹Π±Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ‚ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Π½Ρƒ ΠΈ Π΄ΡƒΡˆΠ΅
    каркасныС Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ° санкт ΠΏΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π±ΡƒΡ€Π³ http://www.karkasnye-doma-spb178.ru/ .

  10. Zaym_yzSr says:

    Онлайн Π·Π°ΠΉΠΌ Π±Π΅Π· прСдоставлСния Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ паспорта, дСньги Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚Π΅ быстро ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°.
    Π—Π°ΠΉΠΌΡ‹ Π±Π΅Π· Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ паспорта ΠΈ снилса niasam.ru/vklady__kredity__kreditnye_karty/zajm-bez-foto-pasporta-udobstvo-i-vazhnye-momenty-248466.html .

  11. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ каркасного Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°: ΠΎΡ‚ эскиза Π½Π° Π±ΡƒΠΌΠ°Π³Π΅ Π΄ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Тилья Π·Π° Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ сроки с Π³Π°Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ качСства
    каркасный Π΄ΠΎΠΌ Π² спб spb-karkasnye-doma178.ru .

  12. ВрСмСнная рСгистрация Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ дСнь: Π›Π΅Π³Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Ρ‘ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
    врСмСнная рСгистрация Ρ†Π΅Π½Π° http://rega-msk99.ru/ .

  13. Машинка Π½Π° ΠΏΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π΅: ΠΌΠΎΡ€Π΅ ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΠΈΡ для Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ взрослых с нашими яркими ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡ‰Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ модСлями
    рс машинки Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ wildberries.ru/catalog/281617142/detail.aspx .

  14. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ‡ΠΊΠ° большС Π½Π΅ Π±Π΅Π΄Π°, Ссли Π·Π° Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ бСрутся наши сантСхники
    сантСхник спб срочно http://www.vizov-santehnikavspb.ru/ .

  15. Установка ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ – услуги сантСхника Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ
    Π²Ρ‹Π·ΠΎΠ² сантСхника Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΌ спб https://uslugisantehnika-spb.ru .

  16. Услуги сантСхника ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°ΠΆΡƒ водоснабТСния
    сантСхник срочно https://www.santehniknadom-spb.ru/ .

  17. Your shortcut to perfect cover letters – try our AI generator now
    cover letter generator ai http://www.createcoverletterfree.com .

  18. Cover letter generator trusted by thousands of professionals
    generate cover letter https://www.writingcoverletterai.com .

  19. Π­Ρ€Π³ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π°ΠΆΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹ ΠœΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΊΡ с ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ двиТСниями для ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ„ΠΎΡ€Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… занятий спортом
    Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π°ΠΆΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹ matrix https://www.matriks-trenajeri.ru .

  20. конкурсный ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉ это ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ простыми словами ΠΏΠΎ банкротству konkursnyj-upravlyayushhij-po-bankrotstvu.ru .

  21. ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹ΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΉΠΌ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ 0% – Π²Ρ‹Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ для Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ²
    ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΉΠΌΡ‹ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΉΠΌΡ‹ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ .

  22. kupit_dzoa says:

    италия мСбСль ΠΊΡƒΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ https://kupit-italyanskuyu-mebel.ru/ .

  23. proekty_htsn says:

    ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚Ρ‚Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ https://www.proekty-zagorodnykh-domov.ru .

  24. ΠœΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹ с Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ ставкой – доступныС Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
    ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ https://www.allmikrokredits.kz .

  25. Π‘Ρ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΉΠΌΡ‹ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹Π±Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΠ΅ условия с Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ставкой
    Π·Π°ΠΉΠΌ http://www.vsemiikrozajmy.kz/ .

  26. Π‘Ρ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹ с Π³Π°Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ 24/7
    ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹ http://www.mikrokredityvsem.kz/ .

  27. zaymy_bmor says:

    Π‘Ρ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΉΠΌΡ‹ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ – ΠΌΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚Ρƒ
    Π²Π·ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π·Π°ΠΉΠΌ http://www.news365.kz .

  28. Клининг Π² МосквС с доставкой ΠΌΠΎΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… срСдств Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠΊ: КомплСксная ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ Π·Π° Ρ€Π°Π·ΡƒΠΌΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ дСньги
    ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ https://www.kliningovye-kompanii-0.ru/ .

  29. klining_diml says:

    Клининг с Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎ вашСм Π±ΡŽΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅: Чистота Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚ ΠΈ скрытых комиссий
    клининг компания https://klining-v-moskve0.ru .

  30. Устали ΠΎΡ‚ ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΊΠΈ? Клининг Π² МосквС Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡŒΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ всС Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ Π½Π° сСбя
    Ρ€Π΅ΠΉΡ‚ΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² москвС http://kliningovye-kompanii-1.ru/ .

  31. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠΏΡƒΡΠΊ Π½Π° ΠœΠšΠΠ” для ΠΊΡƒΡ€ΡŒΠ΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ такси: Π‘ΠΏΠ΅Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ условия ΠΈ круглосуточная ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠ°
    пропуск ΠΌΠΊΠ°Π΄ пропуск ΠΌΠΊΠ°Π΄ .

  32. Клининг Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚: ΠΌΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½, химчистка ΠΈ дСзинфСкция Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π΅
    ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π³ москва Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‹ stoimost-kliningovykh-uslug.ru .

  33. Elevate your celebration with a stunning drone light show that combines precision and creativity
    show drone https://www.1drone-show.com/ .

  34. Experimenta un show de drones vibrante, lleno de luz y movimiento en el aire
    show de luces con drones 1show-de-drones.com .

  35. Авторазборка: запчасти Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΌ состоянии ΠΏΠΎ доступной Ρ†Π΅Π½Π΅
    Ρ€Π°Π·Π±ΠΎΡ€ΠΊΠ° avtorzborka3-moskva.ru .

  36. ΠšΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ с Π³Π°Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ – Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ для вашСго автомобиля
    ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ https://kontraktnye-dvigateli3-moskva.ru .

  37. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆΠ° Π±Ρƒ запчастСй с Ρ„ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ описаниСм – Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΠΉΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½
    запчасти Π±Ρƒ http://zapchasti-bu3-moskva.ru/ .

  38. Very good blog you have here but I was wanting to know if you knew of any forums that cover the same topics discussed here? I’d really love to be a part of group where I can get responses from other experienced individuals that share the same interest. If you have any recommendations, please let me know. Bless you!

  39. ΠœΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎ паспорту – дСньги Π² дСнь обращСния Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚Ρƒ любого Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ°
    ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹ https://www.mikrokredityvsem.kz/ .

  40. БыстрыС ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹ с ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ зачислСниСм Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚Ρƒ
    ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΊΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹ https://allmikrokredits.kz/ .

  41. zaymy_bcor says:

    Π‘Ρ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΉΠΌΡ‹ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ 24/7 – дСньги Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚Ρƒ Π² любоС врСмя суток
    ΠΎΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π·Π°ΠΉΠΌ news365.kz .

  42. klining_himl says:

    Клининг с бСсплатной доставкой срСдств: ВсС Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅ для ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΊΠΈ ΡƒΠΆΠ΅ Π² Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΈ
    ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π³ ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π³ ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΠΊΠ° .

  43. Π‘Ρ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π³ Π² МосквС 24/7: Π£Π±ΠΎΡ€ΠΊΠ° любой слоТности с Π³Π°Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°
    клининг москва http://www.kliningovye-kompanii-1.ru/ .

  44. Чистота, которая Π½Π΅ Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΆΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‚Π²: ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π³ с ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ·Ρ€Π°Ρ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ расчСтом стоимости
    ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π³ москва Ρ†Π΅Π½Π° http://stoimost-kliningovykh-uslug.ru/ .

  45. Pinco Casino ilΙ™ hΙ™r zaman qazanmaq şansΔ±nΔ±zΔ± artΔ±rΔ±n
    online casino pinco http://www.pincocasinogiris-az.com/ .

  46. Need a free online rubber stamp generator? Create stunning designs with ease
    rubber stamp maker online http://make1-stamp-online.com .

  47. Free online tool to generate rubber stamps – easy to use, no sign-up required
    stamp online maker [url=https://stamps1-creator.com/]https://stamps1-creator.com/[/url] .

  48. Capture the essence of your event with a drone light show designed to amaze and inspire
    drone display https://1drone-show.com .

  49. Π¨ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ассортимСнт Π±Ρƒ запчастСй – ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π±Π΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΌ Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»ΠΈ для вашСго Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎ
    автозапчасти Π±Ρƒ автозапчасти Π±Ρƒ .

  50. Un espectaculo de drones que fusiona luces, musica y tecnologia en el cielo
    espectaculo de drones espectaculo de drones .

  51. ΠšΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ Π² Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΈ – ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π±Π΅Ρ€Π΅ΠΌ Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΠΉ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚ для вашСго Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎ
    ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒ ΠΊΡƒΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ https://www.kontraktnye-dvigateli3-moskva.ru/ .

  52. Авторазборка для всСх ΠΌΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠΊ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎ – ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π²Ρ‹Π±ΠΎΡ€ ΠΈ опСративная доставка запчастСй
    Ρ€Π°Π·Π±ΠΎΡ€ΠΊΠ° Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ΠΉ https://avtorzborka3-moskva.ru/ .

  53. Create a high-resolution rubber stamp online for free – professional results
    stamp making online https://stamps1-creator.com/ .

  54. Create and download free rubber stamps online – high-quality designs in minutes
    free online stamp maker [url=https://make1-stamp-online.com]https://make1-stamp-online.com[/url] .

  55. Π‘Π°ΠΌΡ‹Π΅ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π½Π° подписку Spotify Π² 2025 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρƒ
    спотифай подписка ΠΊΡƒΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ http://www.podpiska-spotify-1.ru .

  56. ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ свСтодиодных ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² с Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ систСмС ΡƒΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°
    тСхничСскиС ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ производства Ρ€Ρ„ http://www.proizvodstvo-svetodiodnih-svetilnikov.ru .

  57. ΠŸΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρƒ Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅Π³Π°ΠΉΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… прСпятствий
    Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π° Π·Π°Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° camera-zadnego-vida.ru .

  58. Долгосрочная подписка Π½Π° Spotify с максимальной Π²Ρ‹Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ
    spotify подписка ΠΊΡƒΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ spotify подписка ΠΊΡƒΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ .

  59. Π Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ° ППР с расчСтами Π½Π°Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ схСмами ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°ΠΆΠ°
    ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΏΡ€ Π² ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π΅ ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ http://www.razrabotka-ppr77.ru .

  60. ΠžΡ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ пропуска Π² Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ для Π“Π°Π·Π΅Π»ΠΈ – доступныС Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ сСрвис
    пропуск Π² Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€ для Π³Π°Π·Π΅Π»ΠΈ https://www.propusk-v-centr-dlya-gazeli.ru .

  61. Stay protected and receive SMS online with safe, encrypted connections
    temp num rskswap.com .

  62. ΠŸΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ Unisteam com – Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ для ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π½ΡƒΠΆΠ΄
    ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΆΠ° Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ спСцтСхники unisteam com

  63. ΠœΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ сопровоТдСниС Π½Π° всСх этапах лСчСния Π² наркологичСской ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅
    ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° для наркозависимых http://www.platnaya-narkologicheskaya-klinika-01.ru .

  64. Π›ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠ°Ρ сантСхничСская ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒ Π² БПб – Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‹, Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ прСдлоТСния
    сколько стоит Π²Ρ‹Π·ΠΎΠ² сантСхника Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΌ https://remont-santehniki-price.ru .

  65. НадСТный мастСр-сантСхник Π² БПб – Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ расцСнки ΠΈ гарантия
    прайс лист Π½Π° сантСхничСскиС Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ https://www.24-santehniki-price.ru/ .

  66. Π‘Π°Π½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΠΊ БПб – прайс ΠΈ скидки Π½Π° всС Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚
    сколько стоят услуги сантСхника santeh1-montazh-price.ru .

  67. Π­ΠΊΡ€Π°Π½ для ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² с мСханичСским Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ – удобство использования Π² любом мСстС
    экран ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° http://www.proekcionnye-ehkrany0.ru .

  68. ΠšΠ°Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ мСдицинская ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒ Π² наркологичСской ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ – Π·Π΄ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΡŒΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π· зависимости
    ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° для наркозависимых https://www.platnaya-narkologicheskaya-klinika-01.ru/ .

  69. Π‘Π°Π½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π² БПб с Π³Π°Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ – доступныС Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π½Π° всС Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚
    прайс лист сантСхника http://www.24-santehniki-price.ru/ .

  70. ΠšΡ€ΡƒΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π²Ρ‹Π·ΠΎΠ² сантСхника Π² БПб – Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‹, ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ‚
    Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π½Π° услуги сантСхника http://remont-santehniki-price.ru/ .

  71. ВсС этапы создания тСхнологичСской ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎ-Ρ€Π°Π·Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ мСстС
    тСхнологичСскиС ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚Ρ‹ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ https://www.tekhnologicheskie-karty.ru .

  72. Π’Ρ‹Π±ΠΈΡ€Π°ΠΉΡ‚Π΅ мСбСль для ΠΊΠ°Ρ„Π΅ – Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ гарантия качСства
    мСбСль для Π±Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ рСсторанов https://mebel-dlya-kafe.ru/ .

  73. Π Π΅ΠΉΡ‚ΠΈΠ½Π³ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρƒ ΠΊΠ²Π°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ – Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΠ΅ спСциалисты для вашСго Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°
    ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρƒ ΠΊΠ²Π°Ρ€Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ Π² москвС Ρ€Π΅ΠΉΡ‚ΠΈΠ½Π³ https://www.remont-kvartir-reiting.ru .

  74. Π“Π΄Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ качСствСнныС пластиковыС ΠΎΠΊΠ½Π°? Π Π΅ΠΉΡ‚ΠΈΠ½Π³ Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΡ… ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ
    Π»ΡƒΡ‡ΡˆΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ установкС ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ https://www.top-okon.ru/ .

Leave a Reply to santehnik_cena_oyPr Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *